di Luigia Tauro*
La crisi climatica e ambientale impone sfide senza precedenti, richiedendo soluzioni innovative per garantire un futuro sostenibile. In questo contesto, emergono risposte tecnologiche come la fusione nucleare e la produzione agricola intensiva, ma l’ostacolo cruciale è la complessità computazionale necessaria per affrontare tali sfide. È qui che può entrare in gioco il quantum computing, una forma di calcolo basata sui principi della fisica quantistica, aprendo la strada a nuove prospettive e soluzioni rivoluzionarie.
Le sfide legate alla produzione alimentare e all’energia sostenibile richiedono infatti la capacità di analizzare enormi quantità di dati e ottimizzare processi a livello subatomico, come, ad esempio, gestire l’idrogeno surriscaldato all’interno del reattore a fusione nucleare o produrre fertilizzante dall’azoto. Questo richiede capacità computazionali al di là delle possibilità dei computer classici.
A differenza dei bit usati nei computer classici, che possono rappresentare solo gli stati 0 o 1, i qubit utilizzati nel quantum computing possono esistere in una sovrapposizione di entrambi gli stati contemporaneamente. Si può immaginare questa sovrapposizione come una sfera, dove i poli rappresentano gli stati classici. Mentre i bit possono trovarsi solo su un polo, i qubit possono trovarsi in qualsiasi punto della sfera, aumentando notevolmente la potenza computazionale. Ad esempio, con n qubit è possibile rappresentare contemporaneamente 2^n stati, il che consente di risolvere problemi complessi in modo esponenzialmente più rapido. In altre parole, i computer quantistici possono calcolare un numero enorme di scenari e opzioni in una frazione del tempo rispetto ai computer classici. In teoria, grazie a fenomeni ammessi dalla fisica quantistica, si possono risolvere in pochi minuti problemi per i quali anche il più potente super computer al mondo impiegherebbe mille anni.
Nonostante lo stato di sviluppo dinamico del quantum computing, sono necessari ulteriori progressi per superare alcune sfide. Ad esempio, è importante sviluppare hardware quantistici meno suscettibili ai disturbi ambientali e in grado di mantenere la coerenza dei qubit per periodi più lunghi. Per affrontare tali sfide, diverse aziende e istituzioni stanno esplorando vari approcci, tra cui l’utilizzo di materiali, design e tecniche di raffreddamento innovativi.
Scienziati come la siciliana Anna Grassellino stanno conducendo ricerche fondamentali per costruire computer quantistici sempre più potenti. Anna Grassellino è una fisica delle particelle e scienziata dei materiali, nota per il suo lavoro di ricerca nel campo della superconduttività a radiofrequenza ed è a capo del team che, al Fermilab di Chicago, ha l’ambizione di costruire il più potente computer quantistico mai concepito. In particolare, il suo lavoro è centrato sulla costruzione di un computer quantistico che sfrutta qubit superconduttori, con caratteristiche che possono migliorare la coerenza e la manipolazione di informazioni quantistiche. Un aspetto cruciale nella costruzione di computer quantistici è la gestione degli errori quantistici, e il suo lavoro si è concentrato su strategie per migliorare la robustezza di questi sistemi.
E, ascoltando le sue parole: “La fisica è un’avventura affascinante. È confrontarsi con la natura e scoprire che ha sempre ragione”, non ho dubbi che il suo lavoro abbia il potenziale di influenzare positivamente la risoluzione dei problemi ambientali complessi che ci troviamo ad affrontare.
* Tecnologa, Presidente del Comitato Sostenibilità di una società quotata
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