di Monica Setta*
Ormai lo sappiamo tutti. Le principali vittime della pandemia dal punto di vista economico sono le donne. Di questo scrivo nel mio nuovo libro Quadrare i conti – Manuale di economia per famiglie (Rai libri) in libreria il prossimo 8 aprile. Un libro dedicato anche e soprattutto al lavoro delle donne al tempo del Covid-19.
E dunque nel 2020, l’anno orribile della pandemia, a restare colpiti sotto il macigno della crisi economica e occupazionale sono stati autonomi e lavoratori a tempo determinato. In aumento dell’8,5% anche le inoccupate. Le donne che avevano contratti meno stabili e flessibili (part time, ad esempio) non hanno potuto approfittare del telelavoro. Il dato sull’incremento delle inattive – donne che hanno deciso di lasciare il lavoro senza cercarne un altro – è legato invece alle raddoppiate necessità di cura per famiglia e figli che, nella stragrande maggioranza dei casi, sono rimasti a casa seguendo le lezioni con la Dad. Secondo l’Eurostat, l’Italia “vanta” un livello di donne che abbandonano il lavoro per dedicarsi alla famiglia pari al 15,2%, contro una media europea del 9%.
In un recentissimo report, la Fondazione Studi Consulenti del Lavoro sostiene che nei mesi della pandemia le donne hanno affrontato un sostanziale sovraccarico d’impegni. Secondo le rilevazioni Eurispes, il 74% ha continuato a lavorare fuori casa nei servizi essenziali (scuola, sanità, PA), contro il 66% degli uomini. Contemporaneamente, hanno dovuto raddoppiare gli sforzi per le necessità familiari (sono quasi 3 milioni le lavoratrici con figli a carico minori di 15 anni). Durante il Covid, perfino nelle coppie separate con affidamento congiunto, la cura dei figli è stata in carico soprattutto alla madre con un tempo medio di 4 ore e 45 minuti in rapporto ai 38 minuti dei padri.
Certo, ci sono gli aiuti, le risorse indicate dalla legge di stabilità che verranno rinforzate, ma la strada per le politiche di genere, lasciatemelo dire, è ancora lunga e lastricata di spine o chiodi.
Ci sono reti e gruppi di pressione femminili – come Half Of It – Donne per la salvezza – che chiedono di dedicare una voce di spesa del bilancio europeo alla questione di genere rendendo vincolante lo stato di diritto, per l’accesso ai fondi del Recovery Fund.
E mentre aspettiamo i nuovi progetti del Recovery Fund, che speriamo riescano a realizzare le riforme economiche che il sistema Paese aspetta da tempo immemore, le mamme lavoratrici – per restare sul tema dell’occupazione femminile – possono usufruire dei famosi bonus. Bonus bebè, bonus mamma domani e bonus asili nido. Ovviamente gli aiuti sono destinati a famiglie con un indice ISEE con redditi annui fino a 40mila euro. Facciamo l’esempio della signora Rossi, che fra tre mesi avrà un bambino, quanto dovrà percepire? Qui il calcolo è facile perché dal settimo mese di gravidanza l’assegno è pari a 800 euro. Cambiano le cifre per i bimbi nel primo anno di vita (parliamo di nati o adottati nell’anno pandemico 2020). Per le famiglie che vantano un reddito totale di 7mila euro, l’assegno è di 160 euro al mese; la cifra scende a quota 120 euro nel caso di un indice ISEE compreso tra i 7mila e i 40mila euro all’anno. Le famiglie con reddito complessivo sopra i 40mila percepiranno invece “solo” 80 euro. Stesso scaglionamento per i “bonus asili nido”. Fino a 25mila euro di reddito familiare, il bonus è di 3.000 euro; da 25mila a 40mila è di 2.500 mentre oltre i 40mila si attesta sui 1.500.
*Giornalista, scrittrice e conduttrice televisiva
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