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NEWS DA MARTE

338 commenti / Blog, Le protagoniste, Newsletter / Di

di Teresa Fornaro*

Da quando è “ammartato” con grande successo lo scorso Febbraio, il rover Perseverance della NASA ha intrapreso l’esplorazione del cratere Jezero, il sito di un antico lago dove possibili microorganismi potrebbero essersi sviluppati nel passato di Marte. A differenza dei predecessori, questo rover non solo è in grado di analizzare le rocce a caccia di tracce di vita passata, ma può anche prelevare i campioni più interessanti in speciali tubi che saranno riportati sulla Terra successivamente attraverso una serie di missioni congiunte dell’agenzia spaziale americana e europea.

Ad oggi Perseverance ha raccolto quattro campioni di roccia ispezionando il fondo del cratere. Questi campioni ci raccontano di una storia passata caratterizzata da attività vulcanica e periodi di acqua persistente. Mostrano infatti una composizione basaltica, che potrebbe essere il prodotto di un flusso di lava. Inoltre, sono stati trovati dei sali che potrebbero essersi formati o in seguito all’alterazione dei minerali presenti nelle rocce al passaggio dell’acqua, o per precipitazione in seguito all’evaporazione dell’acqua liquida. La cosa interessante è che questi sali potrebbero aver intrappolato delle microscopiche bolle di acqua antica marziana, che analizzata sulla Terra potrebbe fungere da capsula del tempo per aiutarci a comprendere gli eventi che hanno portato alla formazione e poi alla scomparsa dell’antico lago nel cratere Jezero, dandoci importanti informazioni sulla potenzialità di questo luogo di aver supportato la vita nel passato di Marte.

La presenza dei sali, inoltre, fa ben sperare per la ricerca di tracce di vita, in quanto sulla Terra i sali mostrano una gran capacità di preservare le biosignature. Dalle analisi preliminari effettuate con gli strumenti a bordo del rover sembra quindi che i campioni raccolti finora siano molto promettenti. Altri campioni saranno poi prelevati in futuro nella regione in cui si trovano i resti del delta di un antico fiume che si riversava nel lago, nei cui depositi sedimentari potrebbero essere rinvenuti fossili di antichi batteri. In totale si prevede di riportare sulla Terra circa trenta campioni marziani.

Portare frammenti di Marte sulla Terra sarà un’impresa straordinaria mai tentata prima, che farà riscrivere i libri di storia. Per riuscire in questa impresa, nel 2026 sarà lanciato un altro rover dotato di un braccio meccanico in grado di raccogliere i tubi contenenti i campioni marziani lasciati da Perseverance sulla superficie di Marte, che saranno poi trasferiti all’interno di un razzo e lanciati in orbita marziana, per essere infine catturati da una sonda orbitante e portati sulla Terra nel 2031. Una missione dall’architettura altamente complessa, che in circa dieci anni permetterà a generazioni e generazioni di futuri scienziati di svelare i segreti del pianeta rosso analizzando in dettaglio i campioni marziani con le strumentazioni più avanzate che saranno disponibili nel futuro nei nostri laboratori terrestri.

 

 

*Scienziata e Ricercatrice dell’Istituto nazionale di astrofisica

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