di Patrizia Rutigliano*
Che le donne saranno le più colpite dal riscaldamento globale a causa della loro elevata rappresentanza in settori particolarmente vulnerabili ai cambiamenti climatici e che si debba investire nell’emancipazione economica femminile per garantire che nessuno venga lasciato indietro è chiaro al punto da dedicare giornate intere della Cop28 all’uguaglianza di genere e alla just transition. Che con queste premesse gli impegni assunti vengano realizzati, lo si vedrà nei prossimi tre anni, alla Cop31.
A Dubai qualche giorno fa, oltre 60 parti hanno approvato una nuova partnership che definisce le attività in cinque aree prioritarie chiave per promuovere la comprensione dell’azione climatica attenta al genere. In particolare, il nuovo partenariato COP28 Gender-Responsive Just Transitions & Climate Action è incentrato su tre pilastri fondamentali: dati di migliore qualità a supporto del processo decisionale nella pianificazione della transizione, flussi finanziari più efficaci verso le regioni più colpite dai cambiamenti climatici e istruzione, competenze e capacità per supportare l’impegno individuale nelle transizioni.
Entro la metà del secolo, si prevede che il cambiamento climatico potrebbe spingere fino a 158 milioni di donne e ragazze in più nella povertà a livello globale (16 milioni in più rispetto al numero totale di uomini e ragazzi). Per garantire che i finanziamenti per il clima soddisfino adeguatamente le esigenze delle donne e delle ragazze, in particolare di quelle che vivono nelle regioni vulnerabili dal punto di vista climatico, viene quindi ritenuto fondamentale affrontare con vari strumenti l’attuale divario di dati di genere per comprendere meglio in che modo le donne sono influenzate dai cambiamenti climatici e come e dove meglio agire.
L’istituzione del fondo loss and damage è stato un risultato storico della Cop27, perché costituisce la terza gamba dell’Accordo di Parigi che adesso può poggiare non più solo su mitigazione a adattamento, ma anche sul capitolo “perdita e danni” in cui rientrano gli 1,2 miliardi di posti di lavoro a rischio stimati dall’Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro (ILO), donne e ragazze in primis. Ma adesso c’è da implementarlo, non solo a livello di meccanismi e procedura erogazioni, ma proprio da riempirlo con soldi veri. E questo si prevedeva sarebbe stato al centro dello scontro a Dubai fra Paesi ricchi del Nord e Global South. Uno scontro sempre più acuto a ogni Cop. Ma Dubai questa volta rappresenta il primo momento di condivisone e analisi dei risultati ottenuti da ogni Paese sotto il Regime dell’Accordo di Parigi: ciò che si è fatto, si deve e si dovrà ancora fare rispetto alla redazione e implementazione dei NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions), i piani nazionali su emissioni, adattamento e finanza per il clima a livello domestico. Per questo la Cop28 è considerata molto importante benché più tecnica. Perché a partire da questa, ogni 5 anni si farà una revisione, per capire se tutti i Paesi hanno mantenuto gli impegni presi di negoziato in negoziato.
E nei negoziati climatici la componente geopolitica è molto rilevante. Da una parte c’è il tema della sicurezza di approvvigionamenti, non secondario per diversi Paesi, a partire da quelli europei, destabilizzati dalla guerra in Ucraina. Dall’altra è da sottolineare che comunque i negoziati sul clima riescono a far sedere allo stesso tavolo Paesi che in altri contesti internazionali a volte non dialogano. In questo senso, la presidenza della Cop28 può rappresentare un’occasione di rilievo non solo in tema strettamente energetico ma di tutela dei diritti. Secondo Razan Khalifa Al Mubarak, ambientalista emiratina, direttrice dell’agenzia per l’Ambiente di Abu Dhabi e madrina del partenariato di genere “…la crisi climatica amplifica le disuguaglianze di genere esistenti e rappresenta una seria minaccia per i mezzi di sussistenza, la salute e il benessere delle donne. Per realizzare una transizione giusta, dobbiamo riformare l’architettura del sistema finanziario globale e garantire flussi finanziari alle regioni e alle persone che ne hanno più bisogno”. Con l’auspicio che il fatto che i negoziati avvengano in Paesi con differenti gradi di democrazia consenta di accendere i riflettori anche su questi temi.
* Consigliere di Amministrazione Poste Italiane
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