di Floriana Cerniglia*
Il 3 maggio è formalmente iniziato il percorso parlamentare del disegno di legge di attuazione dell’autonomia differenziata, licenziato dal Consiglio dei ministri nella seduta del 15 marzo 2023. Si tratta di dare un percorso di attuazione al nuovo art. 116, terzo comma, della Costituzione introdotto dalla riforma costituzionale del 2001. Il suddetto comma prevede che “ulteriori forme e condizioni particolari di autonomia” possono essere attribuite a tutte le Regioni in quelle materie che – secondo quanto prescrive l’art. 117 della Costituzione – sono a oggi di competenza concorrente tra lo Stato e Regioni. Un ventaglio molto ampio di materie che potrebbero passare quindi alla competenza esclusiva delle Regioni, ad esempio: l’istruzione, la ricerca scientifica e tecnologica e il sostegno all’innovazione per i settori produttivi; la tutela della salute; il governo del territorio; porti e aeroporti civili; grandi reti di trasporto e di navigazione; la produzione, trasporto e distribuzione nazionale dell’energia. Il comma 3 prevede altresì che queste materie possono essere attribuite con legge dello Stato, su iniziativa della Regione interessata, sentiti gli enti locali, nel rispetto dei princìpi di cui all’articolo 119 della Costituzione che – introdotto anch’esso nel 2001 – norma i profili di autonomia finanziaria dei governi locali. Negli scorsi anni la richiesta di attribuzione di competenza esclusiva su tutto il ventaglio delle materie devolvibili è arrivata soprattutto dalla Lombardia, dal Veneto e dall’Emilia Romagna. L’iter è stato più volte interrotto per:
- i) motivi politici; qualche giorno precedente al termine del suo mandato, il governo Gentiloni aveva firmato delle bozze di pre-intese con la Lombardia, il Veneto e l’Emilia, ma i testi non sono poi andati in Parlamento con la nuova legislatura.
- ii) motivi tecnici/giuridici concernenti possibili profili interpretativi che questo comma 3 Ad esempio, relativamente al termine “intesa”, secondo alcune interpretazioni si dovrebbe applicare un’analogia con la procedura che regola i rapporti tra lo Stato e le confessioni religiose. Il riferimento è all’articolo 8 della Costituzione, che prevede un iter di tipo negoziale tra le due parti con un ruolo marginale del Parlamento che può approvare o rigettare l’intesa, ma non può proporre emendamenti. Se questa interpretazione del comma 3 dovesse prevalere, l’intesa tra lo Stato e le Regioni che chiedono l’autonomia differenziata avrebbe una natura “pattizia” tra due esecutivi – quello regionale e quello nazionale – e il Parlamento avrebbe un ruolo marginale, Ma, in base ad altre possibili interpretazioni, nel caso dell’autonomia differenziata, poiché l’art.116.3 Cost. può dare luogo a una modifica della ripartizione delle competenze legislative nel nostro ordinamento, è importante che il Parlamento abbia un ruolo non secondario.
Un’altra questione aperta ha a che fare con il finanziamento delle competenze/materie che passerebbero in mano alle Regioni. È bene ricordare che in questo momento il federalismo regionale è monco. Le Regioni godono di limitata autonomia finanziaria e il finanziamento delle competenze che esse svolgono avviene ancora sulla base della spesa storica con fondi vincolati. Ad esempio, nel caso del fondo sanitario nazionale (che finanzia la sanità regionale), l‘ammontare è deciso ex ante dal Governo centrale, sulla base dei vincoli posti dalla legge di bilancio e le risorse del fondo si ripartiscono alle Regioni sulla base di un pro-capite pesato per la popolazione anziana. In sostanza un finanziamento che non dipende da specifici fabbisogni di spesa di ciascuna Regione. Va anche evidenziato che – a differenza di quanto avviene già per i Comuni – non esistono i fabbisogni di spesa regionali, ai quali bisognerebbe arrivare se si concludesse l’iter del fisco regionale previsto dal PNRR entro il 2026. A questi fabbisogni di spesa (che soppianterebbero la spesa storica) dovrebbe ancorarsi l’autonomia fiscale delle Regioni e soprattutto gli eventuali interventi perequativi da parte dello Stato per le Regioni che hanno una capacità fiscale inferiore ai fabbisogni di spesa. Le Regioni che chiedono l’autonomia differenziata chiedono invece un finanziamento delle spese decentrate attraverso un’aliquota di compartecipazione al gettito di un tributo erariale, come avviene nel caso delle Regioni a statuto speciale. Non è chiaro come quantificare la spesa “da decentrare” e quindi che va finanziata. È la spesa storica? Oppure un fabbisogno di spesa quantificabile sulla base della determinazione dei Lep (livelli essenziali di prestazione) che la nostra Costituzione prevede e attribuisce alla competenza statale, ma che sono ancora lettera morta? A chi attribuire nel tempo l’extra gettito da compartecipazione se il gettito da compartecipazione cresce più rapidamente della spesa, scenario probabile soprattutto nelle Regioni molto ricche? Il disegno di legge Calderoli cerca di dipanare alcune di queste questioni definendo meglio la procedura per il conseguimento dell’autonomia e alcuni principi di carattere generale: ad esempio la determinazione dei Lep quale condizione preliminare per l’attivazione delle intese. Tuttavia poiché l’autonomia differenziata riguarda un insieme molto ampio di materie che potrebbe portare ad una modifica profonda dell’organizzazione delle politiche pubbliche (un vero e proprio spezzatino che è il contrario rispetto a quanto il PNRR chiede di fare nei prossimi anni) sarebbe auspicabile che la discussione parlamentare serva a chiarire meglio nel disegno di legge di attuazione se le regioni possono chiedere tutte le materie tout court (come era nelle bozze di intese negoziate tra la Ministra Erika Stefani e i governi regionali durante il governo Conte 1) o invece specifiche funzioni all’interno di ciascuna materia sulla base di motivate ragioni da parte delle regioni richiedenti. Un percorso ordinato e coerente del regionalismo differenziato, che dovrebbe procedere sullo stesso binario del fisco regionale e non invece precederlo, dovrebbe contenere i rischi, al momento molto alti, di frammentazione dei centri decisionali e di efficacia dell’azione redistributiva dello Stato, sia tra territori sia tra individui, cristallizzando – o addirittura esacerbando – divari già molto alti nel nostro Paese in termini di erogazione di servizi pubblici ai cittadini.
* Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
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