di Francesca Mariotti*
Nella costellazione delle tante iniziative che la Fondazione Marisa Bellisario conduce da tempo con capacità e lungimiranza il seminario internazionale “Donna, Economia e Potere”, giunto alla sua 23ª edizione, è un astro particolarmente luminoso.
Quest’anno ho avuto anch’io il piacere di partecipare a quest’incontro, portando il mio contributo di idee a quelli che stanno divenendo dei veri e propri stati generali del pensiero femminile: un pensiero moderno, energico e diffuso da voci autorevoli delle Istituzioni e della politica, dell’università e della ricerca, dell’economia e del sociale.
Abbiamo discusso, tra i vari temi, di donne e lavoro, ironicamente solo un paio di giorni prima che venisse assegnato il Premio Nobel per l’economia a Claudia Goldin, proprio per il grande valore dei suoi studi in questo campo. Anche nel più semplificato e ristretto perimetro del nostro dibattito, incentrato sull’Italia, si è potuto riscontrare un frammento di quella dinamica evolutiva che ha connotato alcuni dei grandi studi della Goldin: negli ultimi decenni il ruolo delle donne nel mercato del lavoro italiano ha infatti continuato a modificarsi, tra segnali positivi e sfide ancora da superare.
Il tasso di attività della componente femminile è cresciuto di 3 punti nell’ultimo decennio, doppiando l’incremento degli uomini e raggiungendo nuovi massimi (52.3%). È migliorata la qualità del coinvolgimento nella formazione e nel lavoro: le donne continuano ad essere la maggioranza dei laureati ogni anno, e nelle discipline STEM la loro incidenza è aumentata del 20% rispetto al 2012. In progressivo riequilibrio anche la parità di genere nei ruoli apicali in ambito economico e politico, così come il numero di imprese femminili.
Perdurano però problemi strutturali: ampliando il nostro sguardo le donne lavorativamente attive sono ancora relativamente poche (con un gap del 18% rispetto agli uomini) e sotto la media UE (gap del 14%), peraltro con punte di estrema variabilità territoriale (male al Sud). Molto resta da fare per contrastare fenomeni negativi come l’abbandono scolastico, nonché per promuovere azioni positive che orientino le ragazze verso percorsi formativi avanzati e qualificanti.
Nei prossimi anni la nostra economia assorbirà circa 4.5 milioni di lavoratori. Sono già emerse difficoltà nel soddisfare questa domanda che paiono destinate ad ampliarsi, soprattutto in settori chiave come quello medico-sanitario e tecnologico-scientifico. Tutti ambiti in cui una maggiore attivazione e partecipazione femminile appare determinante.
Vanno però realizzati i presupposti affinché questa inclusione avvenga, in primis a vantaggio delle lavoratrici. Occorrono strategie nazionali per la formazione, azioni che consentano di superare stereotipi e approcci culturali distorsivi, soprattutto misure che migliorino la conciliazione lavoro-famiglia. Le donne portano ancora il fardello maggiore delle responsabilità familiari, che spesso induce a sacrificare i percorsi di carriera. Poter contare su servizi di cura adeguati su tutto il territorio può metterle in condizione di fare scelte più libere. Molte imprese associate a Confindustria offrono già un welfare aziendale all’avanguardia per la conciliazione vita-lavoro e altre forme di flessibilità organizzativa a partire dall’agile working. Sono interventi che conciliano l’interesse dell’impresa con quello del lavoratore e del cittadino, ma vanno sostenuti con sempre più coraggio anche tramite interventi fiscali mirati.
Inclusione e parità saranno le parole d’ordine per dare risposte convincenti alle sfide dei prossimi anni: le tendenze demografiche indicano che entro il 2040 la popolazione attiva in Italia (15-64 anni) si ridurrà di circa 6 milioni di persone, se la partecipazione femminile raggiungesse il livello medio UE, potremmo dimezzare questo gap. Fare spazio alle donne che vogliono spazio è un obiettivo alla nostra portata e nell’interesse di tutti.
*Direttore Generale Confindustria
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