di Floriana Cerniglia*
NGEU (Next generation EU) è un cambiamento epocale per la UE. Si abbandona la ricetta sbagliata dei tagli alla spesa, e dell’austerità espansiva ‒ usata per risolvere la crisi del 2008-2009 ‒ e si destinano 750 miliardi per rilanciare gli investimenti e la crescita. Ma non è l’unica novità. Lo è anche la modalità con cui vengono reperite le risorse: attraverso l’emissione da parte della Commissione di titoli obbligazionari. Per la prima volta si crea un debito della UE.
Le risorse destinate all’Italia sono 191 miliardi, di cui circa 70 in sovvenzioni. A queste si aggiungono altri fondi, ad esempio il fondo complementare, per arrivare a un totale complessivo di 235 miliardi. Il 40% di queste risorse è destinata al Mezzogiorno perché le azioni che devono essere portate avanti intorno alle sei missioni (digitalizzazione, rivoluzione verde, infrastrutture per una mobilità sostenibile, istruzione e ricerca, coesione e inclusione, salute) devono aggredire i tre colli di bottiglia che hanno impedito la crescita dell’economia italiana negli ultimi decenni: le disparità regionali, intergenerazionali e di genere.
Oltre alla quota del 40%, nei prossimi anni il Mezzogiorno dovrebbe contare su altre risorse, ad esempio dal Fondo di Sviluppo e Coesione, dal Fondo per la perequazione infrastrutturale. In totale, circa 156 miliardi che potrebbero colmare finalmente nel nostro Paese i divari infrastrutturali e di cittadinanza. Ma la maggior parte di queste risorse viene allocata attraverso il meccanismo dei bandi piuttosto che attraverso un meccanismo di intervento diretto delle Amministrazioni Centrali. Il rischio concreto che si potrebbe paventare, anche a seguito di alcuni bandi già andati in gara, è che questo obiettivo di un’effettiva allocazione del 40% non verrà centrato. Se così fosse, ritorneremmo alla casella di partenza. Il PNRR anziché favorire la convergenza, getterebbe altra benzina sul fuoco alla dinamica di una crescita divergente tra le regioni. In questi decenni, le regioni del Mezzogiorno sono cresciute meno delle altre anche perché hanno subito maggiormente la stagione dei tagli agli investimenti. Non dimentichiamo che complessivamente, cioè considerando tutto il Paese, nel decennio 2008-2018, c’è stata una riduzione di circa 200 miliardi di investimenti. Quanto il PNRR circa!
Un’altra lezione che abbiamo imparato dopo la crisi 2008-2009 non è soltanto quella che la ricetta dell’austerità espansiva non rilancia la crescita, ma abbiamo capito che lo Stato anziché limitarsi a pochi ruoli (regolatore e fornitore di servizi pubblici) deve intervenire con varie forme e strumenti per fronteggiare le grandi trasformazioni che stanno cambiando il mondo, ad esempio la questione ambientale. E quindi, le politiche pubbliche nazionali non devono essere la mera collazione di singole politiche pubbliche decise dai governi locali, ma il risultato di un coordinamento tra livelli di governo su grandi missioni il cui disegno parte dal livello centrale. Questa, mi pare la prospettiva finalmente nuova che disegna il piano corposo e complesso del PNRR, ma che rischia di non andare fino in fondo se si affida al solo meccanismo dei bandi.
* Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
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