Fondazione Marisa Bellisario

WORK-LIFE BALANCE

Martedì scorso, alla Farnesina, ho avuto il piacere di partecipare alla Conferenza di alto livello promossa dal Ministero per le Pari Opportunità e dal Consiglio d’Europa, in collaborazione con il MAECI, nell’ambito degli appuntamenti ufficiali del programma della Presidenza italiana del Comitato dei Ministri del Consiglio d’Europa, di cui l’emancipazione femminile è uno dei temi fondanti.

“Work-life balance as a leverage for women’s empowerment and promoting gender equality”, il titolo della conferenza, i cui obiettivi sono stati chiariti da interessanti e propositivi interventi introduttivi, come quello della Commissaria europea per l’Uguaglianza Helena Dalli. È stata la Ministra Elena Bonetti a ricordare come già nel ‘96 la Raccomandazione del Consiglio d’Europa sulla riconciliazione dei tempi di lavoro e famiglia riconoscesse come il problema fosse prettamente femminile. E se, a 26 anni di distanza, poco o nulla sembra essere cambiato, il punto è ‒ sostiene la Ministra ‒ «normalizzare l’idea che a casa possano restare e “fare” sia gli uomini che le donne, che non esistano ruoli predefiniti e promuovere una visione di responsabilità equamente condivisa».

Quindi, i tanti Ministri presenti – dall’italiano Andrea Orlando, ai ministri Élisabeth Moreno, Thomas Blomqvist, Margareta Madjerić, Rasmus Cruce Naeyé per Francia, Finlandia, Croazia, Germania e Svezia – hanno esposto le politiche dei rispettivi Paesi per incoraggiare la parità di genere. La Finlandia, per esempio, sta varando una riforma che concede 160 giorni di congedo obbligatorio per entrambi i genitori: un Paese che conta sull’80% dell’occupazione femminile (ma dove solo l’11% dei padri usufruisce del congedo). Oppure la Germania, dove le donne guadagnano il 18% in meno (6% in meno le pensioni) e la metà delle donne lavorano part time (sono il 46% in Italia, a detta del Presidente Inps Pasquale Tridico). O la Svezia, dove la parità di genere è un tema trasversale a tutti i ministeri e che sta attuando una riforma organica simile alla nostra. Un confronto istruttivo, soprattutto sulla parte delle strategie che i diversi Paesi hanno in programma grazie ai fondi europei.

E poi i dati forniti dalle Organizzazioni internazionali. A partire dall’Ocse che, attraverso un questionario proposto ai 42 Paesi aderenti, rivela che la priorità numero uno per supportare l’occupazione femminile e favorire la conciliazione sia l’accessibilità alle scuole per l’infanzia, seguita da un miglioramento della qualità del lavoro femminile. I Paesi, a quanto si apprende, hanno fatto molti passi avanti sul fronte dei congedi di paternità, che restano comunque limitati. L’Italia – con i suoi 10 giorni obbligatori – è a metà classifica quanto a durata ma le previsioni legislative dei singoli Stati mostrano un’enorme variabilità: si va dagli oltre 50 giorni di Corea a Giappone, seguiti a ruota dalla Francia, alla coda della graduatoria con gli USA (in compagnia di altri 10 Paesi) dove il congedo obbligatorio non è contemplato. Secondo Federica Saliola, Capo Economista della Banca Mondiale, la parità ha un valore economico immenso, che dissipiamo con i 130 triliardi di donne disoccupate nel mondo. Far uscire la componente femminile dalla condizione di “invisibilità” lavorativa è un diktat per la crescita.

E poi c’è il capitolo dell’acuirsi delle disparità a seguito del Covid-19. Un dato impressiona: la pandemia ha riportato indietro l’orologio della parità di 25 anni. E per immaginarsi cosa significhi bastano i dati forniti da Emanuela Pozzan dell’ILO: il congedo di maternità è obbligatorio solo in 115 Paesi nel mondo, sono 650 milioni le donne che non hanno alcuna tutela per la maternità e in 21 miliardi non hanno alcuna retribuzione.

Le conclusioni adottate dalla Conferenza guideranno il lavoro del Consiglio d’Europa in questo campo. Innanzitutto, è emerso chiaramente che l’equilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata è un elemento cruciale per l’empowerment femminile, poiché modella le opportunità che le donne possono cogliere in termini di carriera, aumento di stipendio e raggiungimento di posizioni di leadership. Favorire quest’equilibrio deve essere pertanto una priorità per i governi, da attuare attraverso una serie di strategie e politiche che passano anche per congedi di maternità, paternità e parentali retribuiti e accessibili; lavoro flessibile; infrastrutture sociali che abbiano i requisiti di buona copertura geografica, accessibilità economica e orari di apertura adeguati alle lavoratrici e ai lavoratori (e qui l’Italia ha tanto, ma proprio tanto da lavorare). E poi vengono richiesti investimenti in programmi educativi che affrontino gli stereotipi. Naturalmente, un punto chiaro e incontrovertibile – come già emerso durante il W20 – è l’importanza delle azioni di monitoraggio periodico: la raccolta di dati disaggregati per genere, l’analisi sociale ed economica sensibile al genere e le valutazioni d’impatto della legislazione e delle politiche di riferimento.

L’empowerment femminile, però, non passa solo dalle politiche pubbliche ma richiede precise ed efficaci strategie aziendali che agiscano in sinergia. Attori pubblici e privati, infine, dovrebbero unire le forze con la società civile – comprese le associazioni femminili, come la Fondazione Marisa Bellisario, le parti sociali e il mondo accademico – per promuovere l’indipendenza economica femminile, la responsabilità di uomini e ragazzi e la diffusione di esempi positivi – il Premio Marisa Bellisario docet – per interrompere e sradicare quegli stereotipi che danneggiano le società, limitando il potenziale delle donne.

L’ultimo punto è quanto mai significativo e lo cito testualmente: «Promuovere il consolidamento del tessuto democratico delle società nel processo di adattamento alle nuove sfide, assicurando che le misure di ripresa in risposta alle crisi su larga scala – come pandemie e guerre – siano sensibili alla parità di genere». Perché sono sempre le donne a pagare il prezzo più alto di ogni crisi.

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