di Eva R. Desana*
La XXIV edizione dell’evento Donne Economia & Potere, del 18 ottobre 2024, organizzata dalla Fondazione Bellisario e dalla sua instancabile Presidente, Lella Golfo, è stata un’eccezionale occasione per condividere con donne e uomini illuminati, esperienze e progetti, con un approccio allo stesso tempo scientifico e concreto. In particolare, il tavolo dedicato alle quote e al loro futuro, in cui sono stata inserita come relatrice, si è rivelato di indubbio stimolo anche grazie alla conduzione di Laura Morelli e alla presenza di rappresentanti delle Autorità di Vigilanza (fra cui la Commissaria Consob Gabriella Alemanno) e di Assonime (la Vice Direttrice Margherita Bianchini) e ancora accademiche e accademici, professionisti e professioniste d’eccellenza, componenti degli organi di amministrazione e di controllo di importanti società italiane (mi limito a ricordare la Rettrice Anna Gervasoni, Alessandro Carretta, Presidente di Nedcommunity e ordinario di Economia degli intermediaria finanziari, la Presidente di Tim, avv.ta Alberta Figari, la giornalista Valeria Santoro), alcune Consigliere di parità o componenti dei Comitati di Pari Opportunità degli Ordini professionali (fra cui l’avv.ta Rita Reali).
Fra gli spunti che sono emersi e i progetti che vorrei contribuire a portare avanti vi è la “stabilizzazione” delle quote di genere e la loro estensione alle società più importanti per l’economia e l’adesione alle stesse, su base volontaria, da parte di società virtuose che, pur non essendo comprese nel perimetro della legge Golfo-Mosca n. 120 del 2011 e dei provvedimenti successivi, ritengano opportuno introdurle, non solo per ragioni di equa rappresentanza, ma anche in quanto strumenti di buona governance.
Quanto ai primi, l’occasione è propizia, dal momento che la Legge Capitali n. 21 del 2024 ha conferito delega al Governo per una compiuta riforma del Testo Unico sull’intermediazione finanziaria (e più in generale degli emittenti) ed è stata nominata una Commissione formata anche da accademici e accademiche (e di cui faccio parte); il testo da riformare contiene anche le regole di corporate governance dettate per le società quotate, fra cui le norme sull’equilibrio di genere negli organi di amministrazione e controllo delle società quotate.
La “stabilizzazione” delle quote per le società quotate e a controllo pubblico, a oltre 10 anni dalla legge Golfo-Mosca che le ha introdotte, appare ormai improcrastinabile, sia in ragione della durata illimitata di analoghe previsioni adottate da altri ordinamenti (es. Francia e Germania) e della mancanza di un termine finale per le quote di genere recentemente estese in Italia anche alle banche e alle assicurazioni (rispettivamente con interventi del 2021 e del 2022), che in considerazione della natura di regole che non costituiscono solo azioni positive, ma sono anche prescrizioni di corporate governance, che mirano a rendere più efficiente la gestione delle società, analogamente a quanto accade per l’istituto degli amministratori di minoranza e degli amministratori indipendenti. Se le quote sono – come si legge nel Considerando n. 60 della Direttiva CRD IV 2013/36/CE e nel Considerando n. 16 della Direttiva Women on board (UE) 2022/2381 – uno strumento che contribuisce all’efficienza delle imprese, non vi è ragione per limitarne nel tempo l’efficacia. Le medesime considerazioni dovrebbero spingere il legislatore italiano a estenderle anche al di fuori delle società quotate, delle società a controllo pubblico, delle banche e delle assicurazioni, applicandole a tutte le società di più grandi dimensioni, alla luce del fatto che le quote sono uno dei pilastri della sostenibilità, e dunque in perfetto parallelismo con l’implementazione delle Direttive sulla rendicontazione di sostenibilità e sulla Due Diligence.
Il secondo progetto è la promozione del Protocollo No women no board che, unitamente a altre colleghe, sto diffondendo con l’Associazione Torino Città per le Donne (e di cui ho parlato in un paio di interviste consultabili al link https://www.torinocittaperledonne.org/no-women-no-board)
Il progetto nasce dalla constatazione dei benefici effetti che la legge Golfo-Mosca e si successivi provvedimenti hanno generato nel porre rimedio alla sottorappresentazione delle donne nelle posizioni apicali delle società più importanti per il nostro Paese. Come è noto, grazie all’imposizione legislativa dell’equilibrio di genere nelle società quotate e in quelle a controllo pubblico si è passati da una percentuale di donne nei consigli di amministrazione delle società quotate attestata al 7,4% nel 2011 a quella attuale, del 43% (registrata nel 2023 dalla Consob). Benché le quote siano state estese in Italia anche alle banche e alle società assicurative (ove la quota riservata al genere sottorappresentato è del 33%) restano però fuori dal campo di applicazione di queste regole molte società importanti per la nostra economia. Nel gennaio del 2023 aveva destato un certo scalpore la decisione di una società che si era delistata e che aveva quindi nominato un Cda di ben 11 uomini; grazie alla protesta di alcune associazioni, fra cui Torino Città per le donne, si era innescato un proficuo dialogo con il Presidente di quella società, dialogo che aveva contribuito a favorire, di lì a poco, la nomina di una donna nel Cda.
Da questa esperienza e dalla constatazione dell’ambito ridotto di applicazione delle norme sulle quote è nato il Protocollo “No women no board”. L’idea è di stimolare le società che non sono obbligate dalla legge a introdurre le quote a prevederle su base volontaria e ad aderire ad alcune linee guida, vere e proprie best practices dettagliate nel Protocollo stesso e volte a favorire un cambio di mentalità, assicurando politiche attente alla condivisione dei carichi familiari, alla conciliazione fra vita e lavoro e a promuovere la diversità e l’inclusione. Ad oggi alcune imprese, ma anche Fondazioni e associazioni e studi legali, hanno già manifestato interesse per il Protocollo No Women no board e la Sea Marconi Sas che opera nei settori chiave dell’energia e dell’ambiente ha già aderito. Quindi – evocando la famosa canzone di Bob Marley o la nota pubblicità di un aperitivo a cui aveva prestato il suo volto George Clooney) – il motto delle società medio-grandi che vogliano essere realmente sostenibili dovrà essere “No women no board!”
*Ordinaria di diritto commerciale, Università di Torino
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